| The economic climate was changing substantially in
1975. High inflation, brought on by the elimination of the "Gold
standard", plus escalating oil prices brought on by the oil embargo,
had weakened the economy significantly. The inflation which was
hitting the rest of the economy was starting to affect Farrell's.
Parlours that were marginally profitable before suddenly became
money-losers. The per-store annual sales volume was not rising with
inflation. And it appeared that Farrell's had grown too fast, spread
itself too thin, and had leveraged too much capital. The division
needed to retrench itself and reestablish profitability before it
could expand again. In mid-1975, Marriott brought in John Davis as
the new CEO of Farrell's. Davis had been the vice-president of
finance and administration for Marriott's corporate restaurant
operations. Bob Farrell stayed on as President for a little while,
but he no longer had oversight of the day-to-day operations for the
chain. After 1975, new
parlour openings slowed considerably. Some significant money-losing parlours were
closed, including Oklahoma City, Northglenn (Colorado), and
Massapequa (New York). Other pending leases were cancelled before
the stores were built. The closing of these stores and subsequent
accounting write-offs contributed to a $4 million loss for the
division in fiscal year 1976 (which ended in July, 1976). Bob Farrell resigned from Marriott, and the reigns were
turned over to Tom Petika. Tom had already spent 19 years with
Marriott, working in the Hot Shoppes restaurant division, Corporate
Personnel, Cafeterias and the Roy Rogers restaurant division. With
this shift, Farrell's corporate office, which had been in Portland,
relocated to the Marriott headquarters in the Washington, DC area.
Tom's mantra was "you gotta believe". His objective for the
division was to achieve average parlour sales of $1 million by 1980.
The reasoning behind this seemed logical: inflation at the time was
around 13%, and if each parlour could increase guest counts by 3%
each year, a million dollar average volume was achievable. And, if
this sales level was reached while keeping costs under control, the
division would again be profitable enough to do something with.
Marriott knew (somewhat) how to run restaurants, but it did not
understand the ice cream parlour concept. One thing the Marriott
Corporation knew how to do was use consultants. A study was
commissioned to determine what direction Farrell's should take going
forward. The study mapped three courses of action:
- Keep Farrell's the way it was. This was the least risky
alternative. It also provided no method for improving
profitability for the division.
- Abandon food items and focus solely on the ice cream
business. This was determined to be infeasible particularly
since half the sales in mall-based parlours was from the kitchen
menu.
- Redesign the chain to provide a more food-centric focus.
This was the most risky, in terms of affecting the public's
perception of Farrell's. It was also the most costly in terms of
menu redesign, new food items, new parlour decor, etc.
Marriott selected option 3 and made some cosmetic changes to
Farrell's, including changing the official name to "Farrell's Dining
and Ice Cream Parlour", and unveiling the "Hollywood
Menu". This menu replaced the legendary newsprint-style menus
with a colorful tri-fold cardboard menu. A greater emphasis was
placed on food items, and the food menu was expanded while ice cream
was de-emphasized. This concept lasted for one year, without much
success.
Marriott commissioned a new market survey in late 1976-early 1977
to find out what customers wanted from Farrell's; this time the
answer, not surprisingly, was "atmosphere", not fancy sandwiches
(one of the key phrases in the study was that the customer "prefers
the sizzle to the steak"). So in the summer of 1977, the paper menus
returned to the parlours, and Farrell's Dining and Ice Cream Parlour
once again became Farrell's Ice Cream Parlour Restaurant.

Christmas at Troy -
Fountain style (submitted by Susan Accomando)
This, however, did not restore the chain to profitability - it
merely preserved the status quo. The next three years under Marriott
consisted primarily of implementing any and all cost-cutting
measures (particularly on the food procurement), and ridding itself
of unprofitable parlours. Most of the remote parlours were
re-franchised to individual owners. These parlours included:
- Charlotte, North Carolina
- Fayetteville, North Carolina
- Atlanta, Georgia (3 locations)
- Murray, Utah
- Denver, Colorado
- North Little Rock, Arkansas
- Albuquerque, New Mexico
- SW 76th St, Portland, Oregon
Other stores were closed outright, including Macon, Georgia and
Wichita, Kansas. New parlours were the exception rather than the
rule. By June, 1978, there were 106 parlours operating, down from a
high of 120 stores at the end of 1975. The last company-owned
parlour to open was at the Ford City Shopping Center in Chicago,
Illinois in 1977 (one data source states that the University Square
store in Tampa, Florida in early 1978, but that has not been
verified). New franchise parlours weren't quite done yet; A new
franchise was opened in Hawaii in 1981, and in 1983 a franchise
parlour was opened in Little Rock, Arkansas.
Another initiative undertaken by the division was known as
"Deliberate Change". The purpose of this program was to ensure that
costly investments in unsuccessful programs (such as the Hollywood
Menu) would not recur. Some of the changes implemented under
Deliberate Change included:
- Frozen hamburgers replacing fresh
hand-pressed burgers.
- Replacement of All-beef franks with
cheaper, all-meat hot dogs.
- Replacement of the Farrell's
recipe ice creams with standard commercial-grade.
- The free birthday sundae was reduced from two
scoops to one.
- Sandwich recipes were converted to toasted
bread from fresh bread (eliminated quality issues with day-old
bread).
- Pizza was rolled out to all company-owned
free-standing parlours.
- Janitorial service contracts
were cancelled.
- Video games were introduced to
many parlours.
Recognizing both the value of the data collected by the birthday
club, and with an eye toward managing its associated costs, Marriott
computerized the national birthday database. Prior to 1979, each
parlour maintained the birthday cards in boxes, mailing batches out
twice monthly to those who filled out their cards.
 
Old-style birthday card
By replacing this system with a computerized process, Marriott
could
- Relieve the individual parlours of the burden
of maintaining thousands of cards.
- Ensure that birthday club participants would
receive their birthday card on a timely basis each year.
- Develop a massive marketing database which
they could potentially offer to mailing houses (a check box was
included on the form for those who did not wish to be included
on that list).

Birthday form introduced in 1979
By 1979, the Farrell's division was (barely) operating in the
black, and there were some encouraging signs. The parlour in
Seattle's Southcenter shopping center was the first company-owned
Farrell's to achieve $1 million in annual sales. While guest counts
were still declining, sales were improving and the chain was making
money. Behind the scenes, Marriott had put the division up for sale,
with no takers. In an effort to boost sales and profits, Marriott
launched a national television advertising campaign for Farrell's in
1980. The effects of this campaign were immediately noticeable -
birthday party reservations were up substantially from the previous
year, and customer counts had almost stopped declining. Five
company-owned parlours had achieved $1 million in sales in 1980, and
that feat would not be achieved again.
While the media campaign had done its part to boost sales, it was
not profitable due to the geographic dispersal of the parlours.
National television advertising was wasted on the 32 states that did
not have company-owned parlours. Regional advertising would be
expensive - a large market like Chicago would be expensive to
advertise in when there were only three parlours in the entire
market.
1980 also marked the company-wide rollout of the Salad Bar. This
was a reaction to the proliferation of salad bars in other
restaurants nationwide. Where did the salad bar go? In the same
place formerly occupied by the player piano, of course. Where'd the
piano go? Out. Leased pianos were returned to the supplier, and
company-owned pianos were sold for pittances. This did not help
atmosphere. Luckily there was a salad bar for the kids to "ooh" and
"ahh" at. Salad bars were not well-received in those free-standing
parlours which had them, so they were eventually phased out of that
group of parlours.
Marriott had begun installing video
arcade games in all of its parlours around the same time. This
effort was thwarted, however, when complaints were lodged in the
shopping malls from the existing arcades. The leases that Farrell's
had with the malls prohibited Farrell's from installing
coin-operated games and competing with the arcades.
Product testing was being done at
the parlours near the Marriott headquarters. Items such as frozen
yogurt and croissant sandwiches were being piloted.
Another mall-store concept (which was the precursor for what was
to come) was the "quiet lunch". In an effort to cater to the
professional workers who might frequent the parlours, no bells or
sirens were to be sounded between 11 am and 2 pm on weekdays.
Birthday celebrations were low key, with a gentle drum roll and soft
singing voices. As part of this initiative, silk flowers and
lunchtime placemats became part of the standard table settings
during lunchtime only. Even the honky-tonk music was replaced with
easy-listening (somehow, the thought of eating a banana split to the
tunes of Gordon Lightfoot just didn't work).
In 1981, television advertising ceased, and by 1982 sales began
dropping precipitously nationwide. This is due to several factors,
including:
- the success of Chuck E Cheese in the
children's birthday market,
- the national rise of Denny's, with its "Free
meal on Your Birthday" program,
- McDonald's successful expansion inside
shopping centers, which really hurt the mall-based parlours.
In late 1981, Marriott had reached an agreement in principle to
sell the Farrell's chain to private investors. Things were about to
get interesting. |